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- <text id=91TT0794>
- <title>
- Apr. 15, 1991: Star Wars Does It Again
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
- Apr. 15, 1991 Saddam's Latest Victims
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- NATION, Page 36
- Star Wars Does It Again
- </hdr><body>
- <p>In the latest dubious scheme for strategic-missile defense, the
- Pentagon is secretly building an atomic-powered rocket
- </p>
- <p>By Philip Elmer-DeWitt--Reported by Bruce van Voorst/Washington
- </p>
- <p> In the eight years since it was founded, the Strategic
- Defense Initiative has poured $24 billion into various schemes
- for knocking down ballistic missiles, many of them dubious. But
- no Star Wars project seems more clearly--or appropriately--destined for the technological trash heap than the one that came
- to light last week. According to documents made public by the
- Federation of American Scientists for the express purpose of
- torpedoing the scheme, the Pentagon has for several years been
- secretly developing a new kind of booster rocket--code-named
- Timberwind--that would loft giant weapons into space on short
- notice. Its power source: an onboard nuclear reactor running at
- extremely high temperatures and spewing radioactive exhaust
- directly into the atmosphere.
- </p>
- <p> The idea behind Timberwind is simple. Just pump liquid
- hydrogen through a small nuclear reactor heated to several
- thousand degrees Fahrenheit. The liquid hydrogen is instantly
- converted to hydrogen gas, which then blasts out of a nozzle.
- The resulting thrust is two to three times as great as that
- generated in conventional rocket engines by the explosive
- mixture of hydrogen and oxygen. Much larger payloads could thus
- be lifted into orbit.
- </p>
- <p> That is the theory. In practice, it's more complicated.
- The reactors must be built of materials that are both
- lightweight and capable of withstanding extraordinary
- temperature changes, from several hundred degrees below zero to
- several thousand degrees above. To reduce the risk of fatal
- meltdowns, the uranium fuel must be packed in tiny particles
- coated with several layers of carbon alloy and carefully
- machined to very close tolerances. And because the fuel gives
- off "hot"--meaning radioactive--by-products, it is
- inevitable that the escaping gas will pick up some radioactivity
- on its way out.
- </p>
- <p> These technological problems may be solvable. Timberwind
- proponents say cleanup systems could remove radioactive
- by-products before they are discharged into the air. Better
- still, the atomic engines would be handy on a manned mission to
- Mars. Nonetheless, the program's political problems may be
- insurmountable. The 1979 accident at Three Mile Island shook
- America's confidence in nuclear technology, and the Challenger
- explosion dramatically demonstrated the vulnerability of space
- launches. Not surprisingly, many scientists are bothered by the
- idea of putting these two technologies together. In 1989,
- antinuclear activists, protesting potential "Chernobyls in the
- skies," organized the first civil-disobedience demonstrations
- aimed at halting a U.S. space shot. Their target: NASA's Galileo
- spacecraft, an interplanetary scientific mission that used as
- its power source two radioisotope thermoelectric generators
- fueled by plutonium. In October 1989, the Galileo launch went
- off without a hitch, despite the protests.
- </p>
- <p> As nuclear devices go, Galileo's generators were
- relatively innocuous. Thermoelectric generators are battery-like
- gadgets that use natural radioactive decay in their fuel cells
- to produce electric power. Timberwind's engines, on the other
- hand, are true nuclear reactors that split atoms and generate
- heat, using the same chain reactions that power atom bombs.
- Although modern nuclear engineering has virtually eliminated the
- risk of explosions and meltdowns in such reactors, the problem
- of disposing of radioactive wastes has not gone away. Nor has
- the stigma attached to nuclear reactors in general. "If anybody
- tries launching a reactor-powered rocket," says Theodore Taylor,
- a veteran designer of nuclear devices, "past demonstrations will
- pale by comparison."
- </p>
- <p> So why is the U.S. so interested in Timberwind? The
- reasons date back to the early 1970s, when NASA, with the
- Pentagon's blessing, decided to put the bulk of its research
- funds into the reusable space shuttle. Further development of
- conventional rocket boosters stalled. Now both agencies find
- themselves bumping into the limited payload capacities of the
- remaining rockets; NASA for hoisting its space station into
- orbit and the Pentagon for lifting its big directed-beam Star
- Wars weapons. The proposed nuclear-powered rockets would more
- than triple the payload of the U.S.'s most powerful booster, the
- Titan 4, from 20 tons to more than 70 tons.
- </p>
- <p> Ironically, one of the projects killed in 1972 to make way
- for the space shuttle was Project Rover, a 17-year, $1.4
- billion effort to develop nuclear-powered rockets. More than a
- dozen prototype engines were built and tested. The same work in
- today's dollars would cost $25 billion. But Rover was always
- viewed as a second-stage rocket that would be fired only after
- it was safely out of the earth's atmosphere. Launching a nuclear
- rocket from the ground was deemed to pose unacceptable health
- risks.
- </p>
- <p> According to Steven Aftergood, a space expert at the
- Federation of American Scientists, project Timberwind is still
- at an early stage in its development. Fuel elements have been
- built and tested. Testing grounds have been selected in the
- Nevada desert. The Defense Science Board has given the project
- its seal of approval. And plans have been made to send a
- prototype rocket on a suborbital test flight over Antarctica and
- parts of New Zealand. All this was before the veil of secrecy
- had been lifted, however. Now that the word is out, and
- Congressmen have begun to stake out positions on either side of
- the issue, Timberwind is starting to look like another one of
- those wacky Star Wars projects that will never get off the
- ground.
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
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